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argNorm: normalization of antibiotic resistance gene annotations to the Antibiotic Resistance Ontology (ARO)

2025· article· en· W4409567869 on OpenAlexafffund
Svetlana Ugarčina Perović, Vedanth Ramji, Hui Chong, Yiqian Duan, Finlay Maguire, Luís Pedro Coelho

Bibliographic record

VenueBioinformatics · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEnvironmental Science
TopicPharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
Canadian institutionsDalhousie University
FundersNational Health and Medical Research CouncilInstitut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleMedical Research CouncilUniversità degli Studi di TrentoEuropean Molecular Biology LaboratoryUniversity of PretoriaInternational Development Research CentreJoint Programming Initiative on Antimicrobial Resistance
KeywordsAntibioticsAntibiotic resistanceNormalization (sociology)Gene ontologyGeneComputer scienceComputational biologyBiologyMicrobiologyGeneticsGene expressionSociology

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

SUMMARY: Currently available and frequently used tools for annotating antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in genomes and metagenomes provide results using inconsistent nomenclature. This makes the comparison of different ARG annotation outputs challenging. The comparability of ARG annotation outputs can be improved by mapping gene names and their categories to a common controlled vocabulary such as the Antibiotic Resistance Ontology (ARO). We developed argNorm, a command line tool and Python library, to normalize all detected genes across six ARG annotation tools (eight databases) to the ARO. argNorm also adds information to the outputs using the same ARG categorization so that they are comparable across tools. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: argNorm is available as an open-source tool at: https://github.com/BigDataBiology/argNorm. It can also be downloaded as a PyPI package and is available on Bioconda and as an nf-core module.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.291
Threshold uncertainty score0.558

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.016
GPT teacher head0.273
Teacher spread0.257 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations10
Published2025
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes

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