Adsorption behaviour of modified fish scales as an emerging fluoride adsorbent
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study explores the use of acid-activated, thermally treated Tilapia fish scales as an eco-friendly and cost-effective adsorbent to remove fluoride from water. The chemical structure, surface properties, and microstructure of the adsorbent were analysed using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda methods. Optimal fluoride adsorption was achieved at pH 6, 6 g/l adsorbent dose, 240 min contact time, and 10 mg/l fluoride concentration. The Freundlich model (R 2 = 0.9274) described multilayer adsorption, and the pseudo-second-order model (R 2 = 0.9921) provided a comprehensive insight into F − adsorption kinetics. The thermodynamic examination confirmed that the adsorption rate of F − on modified fish scale exhibited exothermic behaviour, driven mainly by the physical interaction mode. In the context of regeneration studies, it was discovered that the adsorbent exhibited the potential for reusability in fluoride sorption for up to five cycles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".