Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review of the effects of air pollution, including bushfire smoke, on cardiovascular disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective Particulate matter (PM) with diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ) and ≤ 10 μm (PM 10 ), including from bushfire smoke, is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. This systematic review assesses how CVD morbidity and mortality is affected by type, duration, and level of air pollution exposure. Data sources A search was conducted on Ovid Medline, Embase and Scopus, spanning across 1 January 2012 to 30 July 2022. Primary quantitative studies exploring the effect of PM 2.5 , PM 10 or bushfire smoke on CVD were included. Studies without adjustment for confounding factors were excluded. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the risk of bias (ROB) in the studies, and meta-analysis was conducted on relevant outcomes. Findings A total 275 studies were obtained, and 80 studies were analysed with diseases ranging from ICD-10 I00-I99. For CVD morbidity, increased PM 2.5 and PM 10 was associated with 1.92 (95 % CI: 0.58,3.26) years of life lost per 10 μg/m 3 increase in exposure. Increased PM 2.5 and PM 10 was associated with a 0.52 % (95 % CI: 0.37,0.68) increase in mortality per 10 μg/m 3 increase in exposure. Bushfire smoke also presented similar trends. Two studies had high ROB, 42 had medium ROB, and 36 had low ROB. There was high heterogeneity between the studies, with I 2 values ranging between 88.09 % and 94.25 %. Conclusion Air pollution including bushfire smoke is associated with increased CVD morbidity and mortality. This effect ranges across different types, durations, and levels of air pollution exposure, making stringent climate change and air pollution mitigation strategies imperative.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.018 | 0.038 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".