Effective Control Strategies for Sex-Structured Transmission Dynamics of Visceral Leishmaniasis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), a chronic disease caused by Leishmania infantum is more prevalent in men. Control strategies that do not take this disparity into account can be sub-optimal. We extended a sex-structured VL model by introducing four control variables: insecticide-treated bed nets, vector control, medical treatment, and animal culling. The study evaluates six intervention strategies and calculates the Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio to assess their impact on disease transmission and cost-effectiveness. The analysis shows that, without interventions, the disease remains endemic with significant health and socio-economic consequences. The Strategy, which applies all four controls, emerges as the most effective and cost-efficient, leading to an exponential reduction in disease prevalence across human, vector, and animal populations. Strategies without animal culling and vector control followed in effectiveness. Moreover, it is found that applying upto 50% of the controls to females, compared to males, can still eliminate VL within the planning period.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".