Comparative study on concrete-filled steel tube, FRP tube, and hybrid FRP-steel tube under the effect of eccentric loadings
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The current paper consists of experimental and analytical phases. The experimental part investigates the behaviour of circular columns composed of concrete-filled steel tubes (CFST), concrete-filled CFRP tubes (CFFT), and Concrete-filled steel tubes wrapped externally with CFRP sheets in both longitudinal and hoop directions (CFCFST). A total of 15 columns were fabricated and tested up to failure under centric, eccentric, or beam loading conditions. The Experimental program consisted of three groups: each containing five specimens with the same cross-section type. However, each column in a group was tested under different eccentricities. The centrally loaded column in each group was designed to resist the same ultimate load. The failure mode, load-axial shortening, lateral confining strains, and moment-axial load interaction diagrams were observed. Results showed a general comparison between the overall behaviour for each cross-section type. An analytical calculation for the CFCFST moment-axial load interaction diagram is also presented. The experimental results showed that CFCFST columns could have been a better replacement for CFST columns. The proposed analytical calculations showed an applicable method for expecting the moment-axial load interaction diagram to be in good agreement with the experimental results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".