Race and Racism in Canadian Social Policy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This chapter traces when and how race and racism enter into Canadian social policy. Though racial differentiations and racial inequality are inexorable from Canadian institutional and social structures, Canada’s key postwar-era policy regimes have proceeded from an attachment to liberal universalism and a pretense of race-neutrality (Banting and Thompson 2021). We begin with a historical review of the limitations of the human rights system, multiculturalism policies, and employment equity legislation to make explicit the salience of race in policy design, development, and implementation. We next consider the role of race-class subjugated communities in shaping social policy from below. Finally, we discuss the emergence of state anti-racism, with attention to federal and select provincial contexts (including Quebec, British Columbia, Nova Scotia, and Ontario), to explore how racism is framed/addressed by state actors. We scrutinize these initiatives to assess the prospects of a transformative change to entrenched racial inequities, and conclude by demonstrating the durability of racial inequities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.014 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".