CPT-informed model for rapid penetration into sand
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Results of rapid projectile impact experiments on sand are described, from which a phenomenological penetration model is developed. Projectiles are launched in a gravity-aligned configuration into dry and partially-saturated sand at an impact velocity of approximately 200 m/s. The velocity–time history of penetration is resolved using an optical measurement technique known as photon Doppler velocimetry. Soil resistance to penetration is found by single differentiation of the velocity–time data. Experiments suggest the existence of at least two penetration regimes separated by a stress of approximately 25 MPa. At high velocities, penetration involves intense particle crushing, whereas low velocity penetration is facilitated through particle rearrangement and localized shear failure. High velocity penetration is inefficient, and the majority of penetration occurs at lower velocities. Saturation reduces penetration resistance, particularly in denser soils. These observations are used to inform the development of the semi-analytical GeoPoncelet model, which, along with CPT tip stress, are used to directly predict the response and depth of burial or projectiles in sand with high accuracy.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it