Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This chapter discusses the philosophical activity of Arcesilaus of Pitane, Plato’s fifth successor as head of the Academy, who was responsible for the change in the school’s direction that led our ancient authorities to distinguish a New Academy of Arcesilaus and his successors. Until its dissolution in the first century BCE, the New Academy was skeptical, devoting the bulk of its energy to challenging the possibility of knowledge. Arcesilaus defended two views we have come to associate with skepticism: (1) inapprehensibility (akatalêpsia), roughly speaking that knowledge is impossible, and (2) a consequent obligation to global suspension of judgment (epochê). This chapter argues that these views are best regarded not as doctrines to which Arcesilaus himself was committed, but rather as positions he defended dialectically, intended to present a challenge to the Academy’s Stoic opponents from whose philosophy Arcesilaus drew much of the material on which his arguments were based. Nonetheless, Arcesilaus’s own noncommittal stance did not prevent these views from being adopted by later Academics who were indeed committed skeptics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.034 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.010 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".