Discrete element analysis on aggregate breakage of unbound granular road materials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Adequate aggregate resistance to crushing and abrasion is crucial for good performance of unbound road layers, in particular when incorporating marginal aggregates in road construction. In this study, aggregate crushing in unbound granular materials (UGMs) is investigated experimentally with uniaxial compression tests, and numerically with discrete element method (DEM). A DEM model of UGMs subjected to uniaxial monotonic compression is implemented in a commercial DEM software, incorporating granular mechanics-based particle-contact and breakage laws. Based on comparison with the experimental findings, it is shown that the implemented model captures the UGMs behavior well including aggregate breakage characteristics. The model is used furthermore to evaluate aggregate crushing in UGMs subjected to cyclic loading representative for unbound road layers of low-volume roads. The feasibility of using the developed DEM approach for evaluating the implications of using marginal UGMs in unbound road layers and for optimizing structural design of those layers is discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".