Cradle-to-pavement carbon footprint and biogenic carbon accounting of bio-extended bituminous binders for asphalt pavements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The carbon footprint of bio-extended bituminous binders aiming for pavement decarbonisation was quantified using a “cradle-to-pavement” life cycle assessment. The binders were extended with a plant-based bio-oil. By biogenic carbon accounting, the impact of biogenic carbon flow was analysed through different approaches. The results indicated that using the bio-oil as a bitumen extender slightly increases the fossil global warming potential (GWP) of asphalt pavements, by about 1%. Both the absolute GWP levels and the effect of polymer modification on average annual GWP are variable, depending on the input data. When the “−1/+1” approach is adopted, two of the three analysed cases showed a lower average annual GWP of asphalt pavements with polymer-modified bitumen while one analysed case showed almost unchanged average annual GWP. All analysed cases confirmed that the biogenic carbon accounting by the “−1/+ X” approach reduces the total and average annual GWP significantly for the cases with biogenic components.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".