Impairment of the blood brain barrier accelerates a negative ultraslow potential in the locust CNS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Insects provide useful models for investigating evolutionarily conserved mechanisms underlying electrical events associated with brain injury and death. Spreading depolarizations (SD) are transient events that propagate through neuropil whereas the negative ultraslow potential (NUP) is sustained and reflects accumulating damage in the tissue. We used the locust, Locusta migratoria , to investigate ion homeostasis at the blood brain barrier (BBB) during SD and NUP induced by treatment with the Na + /K + -ATPase inhibitor, ouabain. We found that sustained SD caused by the metabolic inhibitor, sodium azide, was associated with a large reduction of K + efflux through the BBB at ganglia (= grey matter) but not at connectives (= white matter). This was accompanied by a large increase in tissue resistivity but no conductance changes of identified motoneuron dendrites in the neuropil. Males recovered more slowly from ouabain-induced SD, as previously described for anoxic SD. Impairment of barrier functions of the BBB pharmacologically with cyclosporin A or DIDS, or by cutting nerve roots, accelerated the NUP, thus promoting earlier and more frequent SD, but had no effect on the temporal parameters of SD. We conclude that the mechanisms underlying onset and recovery of SD are minimally affected by the damage associated with the NUP. We suggest that future research using tissue-specific genetic approaches in Drosophila to target identified molecular structures of the BBB are likely to be fruitful. New and Noteworthy Inhibition of the sodium pump in the locust CNS causes repetitive spreading depolarization (SD) and a negative ultraslow potential (NUP) providing a model for investigation of phenomena relevant to human health. We show that impairment of the blood brain barrier accelerates the NUP but has no impact on the trajectory of SD events. Hence, rapid mechanisms of onset and recovery of ion homeostasis occur against a background of slowly increasing neural damage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".