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Galactic transient sources with the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory
K. Abe, S. Abe, J. Abhir, A. Abhishek, F. Acero, A. Acharyya, R. Adam, Arnau Aguasca-Cabot, I. Agudo, Alejandra Aguirre-Santaella, Jorge Alfaro, R. Alfaro, Nuria Álvarez Crespo, Rafael Alves Batista, J.-P. Amans, Elena Amato, G. Ambrosi, Filippo Ambrosino, E. O. Angüner, L. A. Antonelli, C. Aramo, Cornelia Arcaro, T. T. H. Arnesen, Katsuaki Asano, Y. Ascasíbar, J. Aschersleben, Halim Ashkar, Luiz Augusto Stuani, Dominik Baack, Michael Backes, Csaba Balázs, Matteo Balbo, V. Barbosa Martins, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, L. Barrios-Jiménez, Ivana Batković, R. Batzofin, J. Baxter, J. Becerra González, J. Becker Tjus, R. Bélmont, W. Benbow, J. Bernete, K. Bernlöhr, A. Berti, B. Bertucci, Vasyl Beshley, Pooja Bhattacharjee, Sudip Bhattacharyya, C. Bigongiari, E. Bissaldi, O. Blanch, Jiří Blažek, F. Bocchino, C. Boisson, J. Bolmont, G. Bonnoli, Alberto Bonollo, P. Bordas, Ž. Bošnjak, E. Bottacini, M Böttcher, Federica Bradascio, E. Bronzini, A. M. Brown, Giulia Brunelli, A. Bulgarelli, Irene Burelli, C. Burger-Scheidlin, L. Burmistrov, Michael Burton, Mario Buscemi, Jean-Yves Cailleux, A. Campoy-Ordaz, Brandon Khan Cantlay, Giulio Capasso, Anderson Caproni, R. Capuzzo‐Dolcetta, P. A. Caraveo, Sami Caroff, A. Carosi, R. Carosi, E. Carquín, E. Cascone, Luca Castaldini, Noelia Castrejon, A. J. Castro‐Tirado, Davide Cerasole, G. Ceribella, M. Cerruti, P. M. Chadwick, S. Chaty, A. Chen, M. Chernyakova, A. Chiavassa, J. Chudoba, L. Chytka, Gloria Maria Cicciari, A. Cifuentes, Mirko Colapietro, Vito Conforti, J. L. Contreras, J. Cortina, Alessandro Costa, H. Costantini, Garret Cotter, P. I. Cristofari, Omar Cuevas, Z. Curtis-Ginsberg, A. D’Aì, Giacomo D’Amico, F. D’Ammando, Shi Dai, F. Dazzi, Vincenzo De Caprio, G. De Cesare, F. De Frondat Laadim, E. M. de Gouveia Dal Pino, B. De Lotto, M. De Lucia, D. de Martino, Raniere de Menezes, M. de Naurois, E. de Oña Wilhelmi, L. del Peral, M. V. del Valle, Michael Dellaiera, M. Della Valle, D. della Volpe, Davide Depaoli, J. Devin, T. Di Girolamo, F. Di Pierro, R. Di Tria, L. Di Venere, Sebastian Diebold, C Dignam, R. Dima, A. Dinesh, J. I. Djuvsland, Rune Michael Dominik, Alice Donini, D. Dorner, Julien Dörner, M. Doro, Christian Dubos, L. Ducci, Vikram V. Dwarkadas, Jan Ebr, Christopher Eckner, K. Egberts, S Einecke, Dominik Elsässer, Gabriel Emery, M. Errando, Pedro Escárate, Miguel Escobar Godoy, Juan Escudero, P. Esposito, D. Falceta-Gonçalves, S. Fegan, Q. Feng, Gilles Ferrand, F. Ferrarotto, E. Fiandrini, A. Fiaßon, M. D. Filipović, V. Fioretti, Michele Fiori, H. Flores, L. Foffano, G. Fontaine, A. Franckowiak, Stefan Fröse, Y. Fukazawa, Y. Fukui, Sebastian Funk, A. Furniss, Giorgio Galanti, Gaspar Galaz, C. Galelli, Y. A. Gallant, S. Gallozzi, V. Gammaldi, M. Garczarczyk, C. Gasbarra, D Gasparrini, M. Gaug, A. Ghalumyan, F. Gianotti, M. Giarrusso, J. Giesbrecht Paiva, N. Giglietto, F. Giordano, M. Giroletti, Rogério Giuffrida, A. Giuliani, J-F. Glicenstein, Jonas Glombitza, P. Goldoni, J. González, M. M. González, T. Gradetzke, Jonathan Granot, R. Grau, Lucas Gréaux, D. Green, Jarred Gershon Green, T. Greenshaw, I. A. Grenier, G. Grolleron, J. Grube, O. Gueta, Jonas Hackfeld, D. Hadasch, P. Hamal, W. Hanlon, S. Hara, Violet M. Harvey, T. Hassan, Kohei Hayashi, B. A. Hess, Lea Heckmann, Matthieu Heller, J. A. Hinton, Nagisa Hiroshima, R. Hnatyk, W. Hofmann, D. Horan, Pavel Horváth, T. Hovatta, M Hrabovsky, Dario Hrupec, M. Iarlori, Tomohiro Inada, Federico Incardona, Susumu Inoue, Yoshiyuki Inoue, Fabio Iocco, A. Iuliano, M. Jamrozy, Petr Janeček, F. Jankowsky, P. Jean, Irene Jiménez Martínez, J. Jiménez Quiles, W. Jin, Claire Juramy, Jakub Jurýšek, O. Kalekin, Dimitrios Kantzas, V. Karas, H. Katagiri, J. Kataoka, S. Kaufmann, D. Kerszberg, B. Khélifi, D. Kieda, R. Kissmann, T. K. Kleiner, Gert Werner Kluge, W. Kluźniak, Yukiho Kobayashi, Kazunori Kohri, Nu. Komin, A. K. H. Kong, Paula Kornecki, K. Kosack, D. Kostunin, G. Kowal, H. Kubo, J. Kushida, A. La Barbera, N. La Palombara, Miguel J. A. Láinez, A. Lamastra, J. Lapington, Sanja Lazarević, Jasmina Lazendic-Galloway, M. Lemoine‐Goumard, F. Leone, E. Leonora, G. Leto, E. Lindfors, Ioannis Liodakis, Scott Lloyd, S. Lombardi, F. Longo, R. López-Coto, A. López-Oramas, S. Loporchio, J. J. Lozano Bahilo, F. Lucarelli, Pedro L. Luque‐Escamilla, E. Lyard, Oscar Macías, Jonathan Mackey, G. Maier, P. Majumdar, M. Makariev, M. Mallamaci, Dušan Mandát, M. Manganaro, Giulio Manicò, Peter David Marinos, M. Mariotti, Sera Markoff, I. Márquez, Patricia Márquez, G. Marsella, M. Martínez, O. Martı́nez, C. Marty, Alvaro Mas-Aguilar, M. Mastropietro, G. Maurin, D. Mazin, S. McKeague, David Melkumyan, Stefano Menchiari, S. Mereghetti, D M-A Meyer, Davide Miceli, M. Miceli, Miltiadis Michailidis, J. Michałowski, Tjark Miener, J. M. Miranda, Alison Mitchell, M. Mizote, Tsunefumi Mizuno, R. Moderski, L. Mohrmann, Cesare Molfese, E. Molina, T. Montaruli, A. Moralejo, Daniel Morcuende, Katharina Morik, A. Morselli, E. Moulin, Kevin Munari, T. Murach, Adam Muraczewski, H. Muraishi, S. Nagataki, Takeshi Nakamori, Lara Nava, A. Nayak, Rodrigo Nemmen, Jacinto P. Neto, Lukas Nickel, J. Niemiec, D. Nieto, M. Nievas Rosillo, M. Nikołajuk, L. Nikolić, K. Nishijima, K. Noda, Dalibor Nosek, Vladimír Novotný, S. Nozaki, Masatoshi Ohishi, Yoshiki Ohtani, A. Okumura, J.-F. Olive, R. A. Ong, R. Orito, M. Orlandini, S. Orlando, M. Ostrowski, Jorge Otero-Santos, I. Pagano, A. Pagliaro, M Palatiello, Gabriele Panebianco, D. Paneque, Alessandro Papitto, J. M. Paredes, N. Parmiggiani, B. Patricelli, Asaf Pe’er, M. Pech, Mario Pecimotika, U. Pensec, M. Peresano, Judit Pérez-Romero, M. Persic, P-O Petrucci, O. Petruk, G. Piano, E. Pierre, E. Pietropaolo, Marine Pihet, Fabio Pintore, G. Pirola, C. Pittori, C. Plard, F. Podobnik, M. Pohl, Vincent Pollet, G. Ponti, E. Prandini, G. Principe, Chaitanya Priyadarshi, N. Produit, M. Prouza, G. Pühlhofer, M. L. Pumo, M. Punch, A. Quirrenbach, S. Rainò, R. Rando, S. Razzaque, Sandro Recchia, Maxime Regeard, Patrick Reichherzer, A. Reimer, O. Reimer, Igor Reis, Andreas Reisenegger, T. Reposeur, W. Rhode, D. Ribeiro, M. Ribó, Cláudio Ricci, T. Richtler, J. Rico, Frank Rieger, Michela Rigoselli, L. Riitano, V. Rizi, E. Roache, L. S. Rocha, Gonzalo Rodriguez Fernandez, M. D. Rodríguez-Friás, J. Rodríguez, Juan José Rodríguez‐Vázquez, P. Romano, G. Romeo, J. Rosado, Alberto Rosales de León, Gavin Rowell, B. Rudak, Ashley J. Ruiter, C. B. Rulten, I. Sadeh, L. Saha, T. Saito, Heiko Salzmann, M. Sánchez‐Conde, Pierluca Sangiorgi, Hidetoshi Sano, R. Santos-Lima, Vincenzo Sapienza, T. Šarić, A. Sarkar, S. Sarkar, Francesco Gabriele Saturni, Salvatore Savarese, Andres Scherer, F. Schiavone, Pietro Schipani, Bernd Schleicher, Petr Schovánek, J. Schubert, F. Schüßler, M. Seglar-Arroyo, I. R. Seitenzahl, O. Sergijenko, M. Servillat, V. Sguera, L. Sidoli, H. Siejkowski, Vitalii Sliusar, A. Słowikowska, H. Sol, S. Spencer, Daniele Spiga, Alessia Spolon, A. Stamerra, S. Stanič, Tomasz Starecki, R. L. C. Starling, Ł. Stawarz, S. Steinmassl, C. Steppa, Th. Stolarczyk, Jelena Strišković, Y. Suda, T. Suomijärvi, D. Tak, Mari Takahashi, Ryuji Takeishi, Shuta Tanaka, F. Tavecchio, T. Tavernier, Andrew M. Taylor, Luis Tejedor, K. Terauchi, R. Terrier, M. Teshima, V. Testa, W. W. Tian, L. Tibaldo, O. Tibolla, Francesco Tombesi, D. Tonev, D. F. Torres, G. Tosti, N. F. H. Tothill, F. Toussenel, G. Tovmassian, A. Tramacere, P. Trávnı́ček, A. Trois, Stefano Truzzi, Antonio Tutone, Lukáš Vaclavek, Martin Vacula, P. Vallania, C. van Eldik, Juliane van Scherpenberg, J. Vandenbroucke, V.P. Vassiliev, M. Vázquez Acosta, M. Vecchi, Sofia Ventura, S. Vercellone, G. Verna, Ilaria Viale, A. Viana, N. Viaux Maira, Alessandro Vigliano, Jonatan Vignatti, C. Vigorito, Juan Moisés Maurício Villanueva, Elisa Visentin, Véronique Voisin, V. Voitsekhovskyi, S. Vorobiov, Georgios Gerasimos Voutsinas, Ievgen Vovk, Lihong Wan, S. J. Wagner, R. Walter, Maneenate Wechakama, M White, A. Wierzcholska, Martin Will, Frederik Wohlleben, Tokonatsu Yamamoto, Ryo Yamazaki, Lili Yang, T. Yoshikoshi, M. Zacharias, G. Zaharijaš, L. Zampieri, Danilo Zavrtanik, Marko Zavrtanik, A. A. Zdziarski, Wenda Zhang, В. И. Жданов, Krzysztof Ziȩtara, Miha Živec, Jaume Zuriaga-Puig
Bibliographic record
VenueMonthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicAstrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Canadian institutionsUniversity of ManitobaInstitute of Particle Physics
FundersInstitut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des ParticulesCanadian Space AgencyDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftNederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekBundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft und ForschungMinistério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e ComunicaçõesGeneralitat de CatalunyaState Committee of ScienceMinisterio de Ciencia e InnovaciónUniversitetet i OsloMax-Planck-GesellschaftEuropean Regional Development FundCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueFundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de JaneiroMinistero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della RicercaMinistère de l'Education Nationale, de l'Enseignement Superieur et de la RechercheSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungScience and Technology Facilities CouncilHrvatska Zaklada za ZnanostJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoAgencia Nacional de Investigación y DesarrolloIstituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareSveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u OsijekuIowa State UniversityMinisterstvo Školství, Mládeže a TělovýchovyNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and TechnologyBundesministerium für Bildung und ForschungEuropean CommissionFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São PauloUniversity of AdelaideRoyal Swedish Academy of SciencesSveučilište u ZagrebuUniversity of TokyoNational Research FoundationUniversity of OxfordAgencia Estatal de InvestigaciónInstitute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of TokyoUniversity of LeicesterCentres de Recerca de CatalunyaAgence Nationale de la RechercheComunidad de MadridNational Science FoundationIstituto Nazionale di AstrofisicaDurham UniversityVetenskapsrådetSmithsonian InstitutionGeorgia Institute of Technology
KeywordsPhysicsCherenkov Telescope ArrayObservatoryAstronomyCherenkov radiationTransient (computer programming)AstrophysicsTelescopeOpticsDetector
Abstract
ABSTRACT A wide variety of Galactic sources show transient emission at soft and hard X-ray energies: low- and high-mass X-ray binaries containing compact objects, isolated neutron stars exhibiting extreme variability as magnetars as well as pulsar-wind nebulae. Although most of them can show emission up to MeV and/or GeV energies, many have not yet been detected in the TeV domain by Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of detecting new Galactic transients with the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) and the prospects for studying them with Target of Opportunity observations. We show that CTAO will likely detect new sources in the TeV regime, such as the massive microquasars in the Cygnus region, low-mass X-ray binaries with low-viewing angle, flaring emission from the Crab pulsar-wind nebula or other novae explosions, among others. Since some of these sources could also exhibit emission at larger time-scales, we additionally test their detectability at longer exposures. We finally discuss the multiwavelength synergies with other instruments and large astronomical facilities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.005
Threshold uncertainty score0.010
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.006
GPT teacher head0.189
Teacher spread0.182 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
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Citations6
Published2025
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes