Apical effects of simulated maternal exposure of salmonid fishes to novel and typical per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous in the environment and have been detected in tissues of wildlife and humans. While new chemicals are continually being added to the PFAS category, information on mechanisms and thresholds for adverse effects of these novel contaminants are often limited. To explore potential adverse effects on fishes caused by maternal exposure, five PFAS, perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), GenX, perfluorooctanoic acid, and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), were deposited in oocytes of two salmonid species, Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), before fertilization. Concentrations in unfertilized oocytes were quantified, and related to apical adverse effects observed during the period from fertilization to swim-up. Significant disruption in hatching and survival of these two species was observed at exposure to 8.7 μg PFOS/g wet weight of char oocyte or 13.5 μg PFOS/g, wet weight trout oocyte. Few apical effects were observed for the novel PFAS alternatives, PFBA, PFBS, or GenX, in char (up to 1.3 μg PFBA/g, 2.6 μg PFBS/g, 1.1 μg GenX/g, wet wt oocyte) or trout (up to 4.9 μg PFBA/g, 8.3 μg PFBS/g, 5.9 μg GenX/g, wet wt oocyte), likely due to faster elimination of these compounds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".