Sequential treatment of tannery effluent by coagulation–flocculation and sono-photo-Fenton: performance, optimisation and phytotoxicity evaluation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A comprehensive treatment approach for tannery effluent (TE) was investigated using an integral system involving coagulation–flocculation (CF) as a pre-treatment before the ultrasound combined with the photo-Fenton process (US-PFP). The pre-treatment by CF process using 2 g/l of FeCl 3 resulted in chemical oxidation demand (COD), turbidity, and colour number (CN) removal efficiencies of 56%, 99%, and 85%, respectively. The efficiency of the US-PFP was statistically evaluated, and the optimal operating conditions were determined by Box–Behnken Design. The results obtained show that the sequential process with CF as a pre-treatment and subsequent application of the US-PFP system achieves a cumulative maximum removal of 89% of COD and 98% of CN under the optimal operating conditions ([H 2 O 2 ] = 7677 mg/l, [Fe 2+ ] = 415 mg/l, and pH = 3). The phytotoxicity assessment of treated tannery samples was conducted through seed germination and root elongation tests using Medicago sativa (alfalfa) and wheat as bioindicators. The experimental results showed that the sequential application of CF pre-treatment following the US-PFP significantly reduced phytotoxicity. Overall, the sono-photo-Fenton process proves to be a viable and efficient method for treating TE.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".