A Heckscher-Ohlin Analysis of Philippine-Involved Bilateral Trade: Evidence from the Tinbergen Gravity Model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates Philippine-involved bilateral trade with 25 key partner countries—including the United States, Japan, China, Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Germany, the Netherlands, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Australia, France, the United Kingdom, India, the United Arab Emirates, Canada, the Russian Federation, Belgium, Italy, Brazil, Switzerland and Ireland—from 2011 to 2018. Anchored in the Heckscher-Ohlin (1933) theory and the Tinbergen Gravity Model (1962), the research assesses how factor endowments—capital, labor, and land—along with per capita GDP, population, remoteness, and trade agreements, correlate with trade flows. Through pooled ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, the results validate the Gravity Model, particularly with regard to remoteness and trade agreements. Partial support is found for the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, as GDP per capita, labor, and population aligned with expectancy, while capital and land deviated. The study demonstrates the nuanced nature of Philippine-involved bilateral trade and presents policy recommendations informed by the observed correlations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".