Raman spectroscopic characterization of femtosecond Laser ablation of Silicon in air and liquid medium
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Laser ablation of materials is mostly conducted in ambient air leading to high precision localized morphological and structural changes along with some redeposition of debris on the surface. While material ablation in a liquid medium can reduce thermal damage and debris, the fluid properties can influence morphological and structural changes. In this article, using Raman spectroscopy, we study structural changes induced by a single femtosecond laser pulse in silicon (100) immersed in water, isopropanol and glycerin and compare with air for a Gaussian and vortex beam carrying orbital angular momentum. We show that the extent of recrystallization after laser interaction is higher in air. In liquids, the laser modified regions exhibited greater percentage of poly-crystalline and amorphous phases. • Amorphous and polycrystalline phases in ablated silicon is more in liquids than air • Recrystallization of laser irradiated silicon is higher in air. • Phase change in isopropanol is lower compared to water and glycerin. • Vortex pulse causes more phase change in silicon in water than Gaussian pulse.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".