Development and Validation of a Risk Assessment Tool for Energy Deficiency in Young Active Females: The Female Energy Deficiency Questionnaire (FED-Q)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: We aimed to develop and validate a risk assessment tool for energy deficiency in young exercising women using disordered eating subscales and self-reported health-related information. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed seven studies in competitive and recreationally active women ( n = 202; age, 21.7 ± 0.3 yr; body mass index, 21.21 ± 0.14 kg·m -2 (mean ± SEM)). Participants completed the Health, Exercise, and Nutrition Survey, the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, and the Eating Disorder Inventory-3. Energy deficiency was defined as fasting serum total triiodothyronine (TT 3 ) <73.2 ng·dL -1 . A cutoff of TT 3 <80 ng·dL -1 was also tested. Potential predictors of energy deficiency were as follows: age of menarche, gynecological age, disordered eating, menstrual status, and bone health items (Health, Exercise and Nutrition Survey); dietary cognitive restraint (Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire); and Perfectionism, Body Dissatisfaction, and Drive for Thinness (Eating Disorder Inventory-3). A model set ( n = 152; 21.8 ± 0.3 yr, 21.23 ± 0.16 kg·m -2 ) was used to select predictors, identify interaction terms, and fit 500 random iterations of stepwise logistic regression. Predictors included in ≥475 models were used in a final model and tested on a validation set ( n = 50; 21.6 ± 0.4 yr, 21.15 ± 0.3 kg·m -2 ). RESULTS: The final model included body mass index, number of menstrual cycles in the last 6 months, dietary cognitive restraint, and body dissatisfaction index. The Female Energy Deficiency Questionnaire coefficient detected TT 3 <73.2 ng·dL -1 with 84.2% sensitivity, 80.6% specificity, and 82% accuracy, and TT 3 <80 ng·dL -1 with 85% sensitivity, 83.3% specificity, and 84% accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: At present, the Female Energy Deficiency Questionnaire is the only questionnaire that is specifically designed as an indicator of energy deficiency in female athletes across a variety of sports.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.012 | 0.018 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".