Exploring electrodialysis with bipolar membranes for water lentil (duckweed) protein purification: A first investigation into process and membrane characterization with products comparison to chemical acidification
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Water lentils are free-floating aquatic plants which could be an inexpensive source of protein due to their high leaf protein content and very rapid reproduction. However, the extraction and purification of leaf proteins from their matrix is a necessary step for human consumption, as undesired compounds can reduce their functional or sensorial properties. Therefore, in this study, water lentil proteins were purified for the first time using electrodialysis with bipolar membrane (EDBM), a technology that has been developed as an ecofriendly alternative to chemical acidification. The EDBM of water lentils successfully produced a protein concentrate that had a similar protein content (approximately 47.7 g/100 g) and protein extraction yield (around 39.4 %) compared to chemical precipitation. Moreover, EDBM allowed the demineralization of the protein concentrate by-product compared to chemical precipitation, reducing by 74 % its ash content (58.4 vs 15.2 g/100 g) and doubled its protein content (20.5 vs 41.1 g/100 g). However, during the EDBM process, the system's resistance tripled, and protein deposits were observed inside spacers and on bipolar membrane cation-exchange layer. Hence, while EDBM shows great promise, further optimization is necessary to enhance process efficiency.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".