Potent neutralising monoclonal antibodies targeting the spike of NL63 coronavirus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
NL63 is an alphacoronavirus that uses the same ACE2 receptor as SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, but generally causes mild respiratory illness. In a cohort of healthy adults, we characterised humoral responses against NL63 spike and isolated a panel of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), including five with potent viral neutralising activity. Four neutralising mAbs blocked ACE2 receptor engagement and were found to target the receptor binding motif. A single mAb targeting the S2 subunit displayed potent neutralisation activity comparable to those directly blocking receptor engagement. The S2 mAb targets a membrane proximal heptad repeat 2 (HR2) region in spike that is absent in betacoronaviruses, potentially revealing a site of vulnerability unique to alphacoronaviruses. For all neutralising mAbs, putative epitopes were highly conserved in over 200 NL63 sequences, including recent clinical isolates. A deeper understanding of the recognition of alphacoronavirus spike by human antibodies will guide vaccine and therapeutic development against alphacoronavirus threats.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".