Numerical Evaluation of Ground Deformation Due To Thermally Stressed Coal Measure Rock in Underground Coal Gasification
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The global energy demand is rising while fossil fuel reserves are decreasing, prompting innovation in resource recovery technologies in the energy sector across the world.Underground coal gasification (UCG) is one such innovation, converting coal into synthetic gas within the earth's crust.However, UCG leaves large cavities, exposing surrounding strata to high temperatures, causing physical and geo-mechanical changes in rock and eventual subsidence.In this paper, a parametric study of UCG reactor cavities of different widths at depths of 100 m, 500 m, and 1000 m with coal seam thicknesses of 1 m, 4 m, 10 m, and 20 m is numerically simulated.Results show that, vertical displacement is directly proportional to the width of the UCG cavity and the thickness of the seam.Highest vertical displacement is found to be 1684.43mm in case of 50 m wide cavity with 20 m thick coal seam at 1000 m depth.The vertical displacement increased by 5.21% to 7.93%, and horizontal displacement by an average of 6.17%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".