Reduction of Plastic Bags as Food Packaging in Djougou, Benin
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Sub-Saharan Africa, where it is estimated that the demand for plastics will increase while waste management is not established [1], mismanaged plastic waste in urban areas have been polluting the soil, blocking the drainage, affecting the public health, and causing domestic animal deaths.Several countries, such as Benin, Burkina Faso, and Mali, take measures banning the import, export, and use of non-biodegradable plastic bags.Previous studies have investigated the consumer preferences and disposal behavior of biodegradable plastics in the Global North.Environmental terms, including bioplastics and biodegradable plastics, were confusing for consumer (ex.Japan [2] and Ireland [3]), while consumers are favorable for bioplastics.For example, higher willingness to pay was responded for bio-PET than for conventional PET in Italy [4], and 38% and 29% of 127 respondents were 'moderately' or 'very' willing to pay extra for bioplastics in European countries [5].Similarly, the segregation was inappropriately understood.Waste audit data in a university in the U.S. for 15 months showed 52% of PLA was in correct bins [6].In Austria and Germany as well, biodegradable plastic bag waste was found in all types of waste stream (packaging waste, biowaste and residual waste) [7].While these studies in the Global North aimed to contribute to the reduction of CO2 emissions by utilizing or recycling biodegradable plastics, studies aiming to contribute to the reduction of mismanaged plastic waste by reducing plastic bags utilization in Sub-Saharan Africa have been limited.In Benin, non-biodegradable plastic bags are distributed for free when shopping [8], but they are planned to be controlled more strictly by the government.Based on previous surveys of the authors, in Djougou, a secondary city in Benin, 19.9% and 11.0% of plastic bags with and without handles utilized by households were utilized as primary packaging for cooked food.In fact, people utilized plastic bags as primary packaging for breakfast and snacks purchased at food stalls and eaten at home.Plastic bag waste with and without handles without food residues were reused 47.9% and 8.7%, respectively, while plastic bags with food residues were reused for 0.0%.Besides, residents were widely concerned about the potential health impacts associated with hot cooked food particularly in black plastic bags.This study aims to examine the conditions for biodegradable plastic bags campaigns to reduce mismanaged plastic waste in Djougou, Benin.In particular, the household preferences of biodegradable plastic bags toward its utilization for food packaging and disposal behavior will be identified.Specifically, a questionnaire survey will be conducted with more than 200 households from December 2024 to January 2025.The questionnaire will be composed of at least five sections which concern the current non-biodegradable plastic bags, fossil resource-based biodegradable plastic bags, bio-based biodegradable plastic bags, bio-based biodegradable plastic bags with additive.Each section will investigate the willingness for food packaging utilization and waste management and the perceptions of potential health and/or environmental impacts by utilization and open dumping.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it