Fast biodiesel production using K2Fe3O4 catalyst for CH3O• radical-mediated transesterification of soybean, Jatropha and Ricinus oils
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• K 2 FeO 4 is highly active for transesterification due to CH 3 O • attack on glycerides. • ∼96 % conversion of soybean and Jatropha curcas L oils in shorter than 5 min. • FAMEs (biodiesel) properties fulfill the ASTM D6751 standard. • Catalyst dosage displays the greatest impact on triglyceride conversion and yield. The catalysis of potassium ferrate (K 2 FeO 4 ) is herein tested towards the heterogeneous transesterification with three triglyceride sources: Jatropha curcas L. oil (JCO), Ricinus communis oil (RCO), and industrial soybean oil (SBO). A Box-Behnken experimental design (BBD) is used to maximize the biodiesel production screening the following factors: stirring speed (125 to 700 RPM), methanol to oil molar ratio (6:1–16:1), catalyst load (0.15 to 6 wt%). The optimized reaction conditions resulting from a response surface methodology (RSM) allowed maximum conversions of 97.26, 95.85, and 74.85 % for JCO, SBO and RCO in 1 h, respectively. While these optimal performances were found adopting the following collected factors: stirring speed: 293, 357 and 433 RPM; Catalyst dosage: 3.28, 4.40, and 4.11 wt%; Methanol to oil molar ratio: 16:1, 16:1, and 11:1 for JCO, SBO and RCO, respectively. Transesterification reactions are monitored at different times revealing that 5 min is enough to reach conversions higher than 95 % for JCO and SBO, owing to the CH 3 O • formation rapidly attacking the double bonds of triglyceride, diglyceride and monoglyceride. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR) is used to prove the methyl esters production, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Gas Chromatography to identify the fatty acid profiles of each oil; while acid number, density, viscosity, and oxidative stability are determined for the three oils and their corresponding methyl esters. Additionally, heating value, flash point, cloud point, and pour point are measured for the biodiesel produced according to the ASTM D6751.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".