Dehydration processing of Er3+-doped barium gallo-germanate glasses with ultra-low hydroxyl absorption for near and mid-infrared applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In barium gallo-germanate glasses, the extrinsic absorption losses from hydroxyl (-OH) groups are mostly due to the hygroscopic nature seen in the glass, its raw precursors and from the environment during the melting process. Their vibrations (harmonic or overtone) cause detrimental absorption bands in the infrared region which limit their use as host materials for rare-earth ions emitting in the infrared. It is therefore essential to minimize the concentration of (-OH) groups in the glass. Here, we present a dehydration method to prepare barium gallo-germanate glasses at high temperature (>1500 °C) under a controlled atmosphere (Ar-filled, with 0.1 ppm O 2 and 0.1 ppm H 2 O) with ammonium bi-fluoride (NH 4 F–HF) as dehydrating agent to lower (–OH)–based absorption coefficient down to 0.006 cm −1 at 3300 nm wavelength. This improvement allows a significant lengthening of the lifetimes of the electronic transition in the near infrared at 1000 nm ( 4 I 11/2 → 4 I 15/2 ) and 1537 nm ( 4 I 13/2 → 4 I 15/2 ) in the glasses with ultra-low hydroxyl content due to reduced (-OH) quenching. This work paves the way for developing efficient barium gallo-germanate solid-state laser components for sensing operation in the near and mid-infrared spectral range (1–5 μm). We investigated dehydration routes to synthesize barium gallo-germanate glasses with ultra-low hydroxyl (-OH) groups at high temperature (>1500 °C). We demonstrate that the synthesis under a controlled atmosphere (Ar-filled, with 0.1 ppm O 2 and 0.1 ppm H 2 O) allows to reduce signicantly the amount of –OH groups in the glass. This preparation method combined with the introduction of ammonium bi-fluoride (NH 4 F–HF) as dehydrating agent enables to obtain t a significant lengthening of the lifetimes corresponding to the electronic transition in the near infrared at 1000 nm ( 4 I 11/2 → 4 I 15/2 ) and 1537 nm ( 4 I 13/2 → 4 I 15/2 ) in the glasses with ultra-low hydroxyl content due to reduced –OH quenching is shown. This work paves the way for developing efficient barium gallo-germanate solid-state laser components in the short wave infrared range and opens up potential applications in the mid wave infrared range.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".