Association Between Daily Mode of Transportation and Cognitive Function Among Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Changes in mode of transportation, such as driving cessation, elevate the risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease among older adults residing in communities. However, the association between transportation-related lifestyles and cognitive function in older adults with MCI remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the relationship between mobility independence and cognitive dysfunction among older patients with MCI. Methods This was a retrospective study of community-dwelling adults aged 65 years or older from Usuki, Oita Prefecture, Japan. Data from 117 participants with MCI were analyzed. Using the Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale, participants were categorized into independent and dependent mobility groups based on their mode of transportation. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-J), and scores were compared across modes of transportation. Results Significant differences were found in total MoCA-J scores, visuospatial executive function, naming, and orientation, and MMSE orientation of time and place, with higher scores observed in the independent mobility group compared to the dependent group (p < 0.05). Analysis of covariance further supported these findings, showing higher scores in total MoCA-J and MMSE scores in the independent mobility group. Conclusions This study highlights the relationship between daily mode of transportation and cognitive function in patients with MCI. Participants with independent mobility exhibited superior cognitive function compared to the dependent mobility group. These findings may contribute to the development of new interventions for preventing the transition from MCI to dementia by further validation of causal relationships in longitudinal or intervention studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".