Parental Anxiety About Children’s Education: Construct Clarification and Scale Development
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Parents’ anxiety about their children’s education has been common in recent years and has a negative effect on children. This study aimed to clarify this construct and develop the Parental Anxiety about Children’s Education Scale (PACES) to lay a foundation for future research. In Study 1, we developed a scale based on 465 parents that included 20 items and four dimensions of anxiety in relation to children’s academic performance, family educational resources, the quality of school education, and the educational macroenvironment. In Study 2, we used data from 4566 parents to test the reliability and validity of the final scale via item analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, consistency reliability, measurement invariance, and validity evidence on the basis of relations. We concluded that the scale is a promising new measure for assessing parental anxiety about children’s education for parents of both primary and secondary school students.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".