United States Protectionism Through Import Tariffs for Canada and Reciprocity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose:This paper explores the changing foreign policy of the United States (US) after Donald Trump took office as president for the second time, namely through the America First policy. The America First policy includes protectionist measures such as import tariffs on Canadian products of 25 percent on March 4, 2025.Methodology:The research method uses qualitative descriptive analysis. Data were collected through data collection techniques based on internet-based studies, digital books, previous research, journals and relevant sources.Findings:Canada is one of the largest exporting countries in the US with a total of 37.253 billion US during 2024. However, after President Trump was re-elected, economic relations between the US and Canada became heated. President Trump implemented an import tariff policy from Canada on the grounds of illegal immigration and fentanyl drugs. This policy is expected to protect jobs and increase income.Implication:However, government of Canada took retaliatory action by implementing 25 percent import tariff policy on imported goods from the US. Several businesses in Canada, particularly café industry, expressed support for the government’s policy. The Canadian government also increased the budget to increase security at the border.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".