Detection of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins using a colorimetric immunosensing tool for food safety control
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• A saxitoxin-immobilized magnetic bead immunoassay was developed to detect PSP toxins. • Covalent immobilization of STX on MBs was shown to be stable, enabling MB reuse. • Antibody cross-reactivity towards saxitoxin congeners has been discussed. • The sensitivity and matrix effects of MB-immunoassay are useful for food safety. From 1985 to 2018, 35 % of shellfish poisoning cases worldwide were due to paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). The main representative toxin congener of the PSP toxin family is saxitoxin (STX), a highly toxic neurotoxin capable of blocking nerve impulse transmission and causing death by respiratory arrest, representing a danger to the environment and human health. The presence of PSP toxins in shellfish is currently detected through instrumental analysis methods, which are costly, or more rarely with the mouse bioassay, which is ethically criticized. Therefore, the development of new approaches for their detection is desired. This study presents the development of a colorimetric immunoassay in which STX has been immobilized on magnetic beads (MBs) for the subsequent competition between free STX present in the sample and immobilized STX for the binding site of an anti-STX antibody, using a secondary antibody labeled with horseradish peroxidase to reveal the signal. The immunoassay exhibits a dose-dependent behavior with an IC 50 for STX of 10.9 ng mL -1 . The system shows low matrix effects with a loading capacity of 250 mg of shellfish flesh mL -1 and, therefore, an effective limit of detection (LOD) of 17.2 µg kg⁻¹. The detection of STX and gonyautoxin-2 & gonyautoxin-3 in shellfish samples is also demonstrated. Furthermore, the covalent immobilization of STX on MBs is stable and allows the reusability of the system up to four times. This immunosensing system has been proved to be successful in the screening and quantification of PSP toxin contents in shellfish samples from Spain and Oman.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".