Decoupled winter and summer climate changes in southern Europe during the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The marine isotope stage 3 (MIS 3) (∼60–30 ka) exhibits large amplitude millennial climatic oscillations, also named Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) cycles, which are marked by alternation of warm (GIs – Greenland interstadials) and cold phases (GSs – Greenland stadials). Here, we explore the seasonal nature of the DO cycle climate signal in southern Europe using 12 pollen records that allowed us to reconstruct the vegetation types and key climatic parameters such as seasonal temperatures and precipitation. Our results show the development of arboreal vegetation during GIs and non-arboreal vegetation during GSs. They also indicate that vegetation changes were mainly driven by winter precipitation and temperatures, with high and low values during GIs and GSs, respectively. The results tend to demonstrate a decoupling between winter and summer conditions, with relatively stable and warm summer temperatures throughout MIS 3, but large amplitude variations in winter. We infer that the climate over southern Europe was mainly influenced by surface conditions over the North Atlantic driven by stratification due to meltwater discharge, and also possibly by extension/contraction of the subpolar gyre (SPG) through changes in the westerlies’ strength, thus impacting the extent of winter sea-ice cover, temperature and moisture availability over southern Europe. • Millennial vegetation changes driven by winter precipitation and temperatures. • Decoupling between winter and summer conditions. • Relatively stable and warm summer temperatures throughout Marine Isotope Stage 3. • Climate during stadials mainly influenced by the meltwater lid in the North Atlantic. • Possible role of the changes in the westerlies' strength on meltwaters' distribution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".