Time-Multiplexed Beam-Steering Antenna Arrays for Extended-Coverage RF Powering of Multiple CMOS Brain Implants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This letter introduces a wireless powering system for multiple implantable devices located across a wide region of the human brain, addressing the spatial coverage challenges in traditional powering methods. We present an RF phased-array time-multiplexing technique that extends the powering coverage to as far as one hemisphere. The transmitter (TX) array is designed with optimal surface currents at 915 MHz to reach and beam-steer deep brain tissue. With transmitting 1 W, this method ensures safe and consistent power delivery over 18-cm lateral span and provides at least$250~\mu $W to 6-cm deep receiver (RX) implants. In addition, we developed a dynamically biased 65-nm CMOS rectifier, featuring peak power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 72.6% at −2 dBm input power. The integration of phased-array multiplexing and an efficient CMOS rectifier offers a pathway toward arrays of smaller, battery-free neurostimulation implants, capable of simultaneous operation under stringent safety requirements and limited wearable power source size.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".