Phylogeny and taxonomy of <i>Acer</i> powdery mildews, including genera <i>Sawadaea</i> and <i>Takamatsuella</i> ( <i>Erysiphaceae</i> , <i>Ascomycota</i> )
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Acer ( Sapindaceae ) is a major genus of broadleaf trees dominating deciduous forests in the Northern Hemisphere, with Asia exhibiting the highest species diversity. Many economically important Acer species are cultivated for ornamental or timber purposes. Acer powdery mildew, caused by fungi in the tribe Cystotheceae uncertainties in its primary causal genera, Sawadaea and Takamatsuella . This study presents a comprehensive phylogenetic-taxonomic analysis of the two genera across East Asia, Europe, and North America. Using 75 ITS and 58 28S rDNA newly obtained sequences, we resolved 12 Sawadaea species and one Takamatsuella species into nine monophyletic clades, revealing marked cryptic diversity (three new species: S. acerina , S. aceris-arguti , S. taii ) and two paraphyletic groups ( S. bifidal/S. negundinis ). Taxonomic revisions include: S. bicornis split into two formae ( f. bicornis and f. polyphaga f. nov. ) with distinct host preferences; S. tulasnei (sensu stricto) restricted to Europe/North America, invalidating previous Asian records; S. nankinensis and S. koelreuteriae form Takamatsuella as a distinct genus sister to Sawadaea , supported by an ITS1 26 bp deletion. Host Acer ) with two evolutionary host expansions to Koelreuteria , Aesculus , and Liquidambar . This study also newly describes the asexual morphs of four species ( S. aesculi , S. bifida , S. bomiensis and S. kovaliana ) and establishes a molecular framework and strategies for mitigating powdery mildew impacts in forest ecosystems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".