Time-variant and tissue-level collaterals predict postoperative neurological recovery and clinical outcomes of patients with endovascular thrombectomy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: A comprehensive assessment of collateral status can yield profound insights into the ischemic mechanism in patients experiencing acute ischemic stroke. This study aims to investigate whether time-variant and tissue-level collateral characteristics may serve as predictors for functional outcomes in patients undergoing endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) through the application of machine learning (ML) algorithms, and to stratify postoperative neurological recovery of these patients. Methods: In this retrospective study, 128 acute ischemic stroke patients characterized by anterior large-vessel occlusion and received EVT between May 2020 and December 2022 were enrolled. These patients underwent multiphase computed tomography (CT) angiography (mCTA) and CT perfusion (CTP). The time-variant collateral score was defined as the Collateral Score on Color-Coded summation maps (CSCC) of mCTA. The hypoperfusion intensity ratio (HIR) was calculated from CTP data. The data were split into training and test sets in a ratio of 7:3, and univariable and multivariable regression analyses were employed for feature selection. For ML analyses, logistic regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), decision tree (DT), and eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) algorithms were utilized. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and decision curve were employed for performance evaluation. The mixed effect model was established to estimate the impact of collateral stratification on the postoperative National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Results: Age [odds ratio (OR) =1.073; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.008, 1.154; P=0.040], Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) (OR =0.742; 95% CI: 0.546, 0.975; P=0.040), CSCC (OR =0.468; 95% CI: 0.213, 0.953; P=0.044), and HIR (OR =56.666; 95% CI: 3.843, 1,156.959; P=0.005) were significantly associated with good outcome in training set. By utilizing these four selected features, the RF algorithm achieved the best performance and the highest clinical suitability in predicting good clinical outcomes, with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.964 (95% CI: 0.902, 0.992) and 0.837 (95% CI: 0.684, 0.935) in training set and testing set, respectively. The Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis revealed that HIR was the most significant variable in predicting clinical outcomes. Fixed effects and group × time interaction effects [all P<0.01 at all time points (TPs)] were acquired in HIR stratification. HIR enabled better stratification and prediction of patients' postoperative NIHSS [Akaike information criterion (AIC): HIR =4,599.577 and CSCC =4,648.707]. Conclusions: RF model, which has been trained on time-variant and tissue-level collaterals, is capable of accurately predicting the clinical outcomes of patients undergoing EVT. Stratifying patients based on HIR may yield valuable insights into predicting trends in the potential postoperative neurological recovery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".