Inhibition of Peanut (<i>Arachis hypogaea</i> L.) Growth, Development, and Promotion of Root Nodulation Including Plant Nitrogen Uptake Triggered by Polyvinyl Chloride Microplastics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Agroecosystem sustainability and global food security may be threatened by the widespread presence and distribution of microplastics (MPs). This study investigates the impact of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics with four different dosages (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5%) on the growth, development, and nitrogen uptake of peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.), a legume that forms symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing root nodules. Oxidative stress was indicated by increases in the activity of hydrogen peroxide, proline, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase of 54.3, 72.93, 135.74, 41.59, and 44.59%, respectively, for the 3.5% dose (T4) and malondialdehyde and catalase of 23.7 and 17.52%, respectively, for the 2.5% dose (T3) over the control. Peanut seedlings’ growth and development were inhibited through the suppression of chlorophyll a (30.92%), chlorophyll b (36.36%), and carotenoid (25.65%) for treatment 2 (T2) and plant height (19.52% for T4), plant dry weight (46.09%), leaf number (18.86%), and branch length (59.37%) for T4. However, root nodule number, weight, and plant N content promoted 30.19–72.32, 55.88–141.16, and 1.46–7.01%, respectively, from control to T4, which may be an adaptive mechanism for legumes to overcome N deficiency through the morphological and physiological adjustments in the stressed conditions. The study outcomes may provide worthy implications for correctly managing peanut crops in PVC MP-contaminated soil, which will ensure food security and ecosystem sustainability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".