The effect of pre-treatment hematoma size and unilateral vs bilateral MMA embolization on volume reduction in the treatment of chronic subdural hematomas: A retrospective cohort study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background and purpose Despite a rapidly growing body of literature supporting the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) with middle meningeal artery embolization (MMAE), real-life data is still scarce. This study aimed to evaluate MMAE radiological and clinical outcomes, based on radiological characteristics. Materials and Methods Fifty-two cSDH patients, treated by MMAE as a post-CSDH evacuation therapy in a single tertiary center, were included. Radiological outcome was evaluated with cSDH thickness/volume difference at routine follow-up compared to pre-MMAE CT head imaging. The cohort was divided into groups pertaining to cSDH laterality (bilateral and unilateral cSDH) and pre-MMAE hematoma thickness (>15 mm and ≤15 mm) for analysis. Patients who underwent evacuation after MMAE were not included in the analysis to eliminate bias of surgical effect on hematoma progression. Results Thirty patients had bilateral, and 22 patients had unilateral cSDH treated with bilateral and unilateral MMAE respectively. Twenty-nine patients had >15 mm pre-MMAE hematoma thickness, and 23 had ≤15 mm pre-MMAE hematoma thickness. Mean cSDH volume was lower at all follow-up intervals when compared to baseline and was reduced by a factor of 10 at the 3–6-month interval. The mean cSDH thickness was significantly lower at all three follow-up intervals when comparing each group (bilateral and unilateral MMAE) (pre-treatment hematoma thickness >15 mm and ≤15 mm). Larger hematomas with a thickness of >15 mm had a significantly greater reduction in mean cSDH volume interval follow-up than hematomas measuring ≤15 mm (1–3 months—63 mm 3 , 40.6–85.69, P < .001). Unilateral cSDH and MMAE demonstrated greater cSDH volume reduction compared to bilateral cSDH and MMAE at 1–3 months (42, 15.2–68.8, .001) and 3-6 months (33.7, 5.2-72.7, .043). No procedure-related major complications or deaths or recurrences were observed. Conclusions Adjunctive MMAE after surgical evacuation appears safe and effective. MMAE is particularly effective for larger pre-treatment hematomas >15 mm (compared to ≤15 mm) and for unilateral cSDH and MMAE (compared to bilateral cSDH and MMAE).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".