Transport of Biomass Burning Aerosol into the Extratropical Tropopause Region over Europe via Warm Conveyor Belt Uplift
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. Aerosol particles in the extratropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (exUTLS) play a crucial role for the Earth‘s radiative budget. High temporal and spatial resolution measurements in the exUTLS are important to study mixing processes and their climate impact. Here, we present measurements from the TPEx mission (Tropopause composition gradients and mixing Experiment) an aircraft mission in June 2024 over Europe. The measurement platform, a Learjet 35A, was equipped with in-situ trace gas and aerosol measurements and filter samplers for offline analysis. For vertical gradient measurements of trace species and aerosol, we conducted redundant measurements on a fully automated towed sensor shuttle (TOSS) 200 m below the aircraft. On 17 June 2024, we observed a streamer with elevated aerosol number concentration of up to 800 particles per cm3 between 100 nm and 1 μm. This is higher by a factor of two than the local background. Carbon monoxide (CO) mixing ratios were larger than 100 ppbv. Backward trajectories indicate that this pollution is transported from Canadian wildfires in the lower troposphere towards Europe, where it was uplifted on the edge of a warm conveyor belt into the tropopause region. There mixing with chemically stratospheric air occurred. The TOSS measurements also allow the calculation of the potential temperature gradient (∆θ · ∆z−1). We observed a change towards smaller gradients within the region of the polluted air masses, which is presumably due to an increase of θ at lower altitudes by radiative heating as a consequence of the transported refractory black carbon.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".