Response and failure mode of buried pipeline crossing different fault types
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Strong earthquakes' Permanent Ground Displacement (PGD) can make buried pipelines fail. Thus, analysing the seismic response and failure mode of fault-crossing pipelines, and evaluating their resistance to PGD from different fault types is crucial. This paper sets up 3D finite-element models of continuous steel and spigot ductile iron pipelines crossing reverse, normal, and strike faults. It assesses pipeline seismic resistance by critical fault displacement and explores failure mechanisms. The results show that for steel pipelines, local buckling is the main failure mode under the three fault types, yet buckling locations and peak compressions vary. Also, cross-sectional deformation lags. Ductile iron pipelines fail at joints for all fault types, with different specific failure modes. Their anti-fault capacity is lower than that of steel pipelines. Both types are more likely to fail under reverse fault movement at a 60° fault dip and 90° fault-pipeline angle, increasing the risk of pipeline functionality loss.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".