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Record W4409979054 · doi:10.1080/01402382.2025.2492986

The 2024 Belgian federal elections: a race to the right

2025· article· en· W4409979054 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueWest European Politics · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicPopulism, Right-Wing Movements
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersSocial Sciences and Humanities Research Council of CanadaHORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme
KeywordsRace (biology)Political sciencePolitical economyPublic administrationDemographic economicsEconomicsGender studiesSociology

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The Belgian federal elections held on 9 June 2024 marked a turning point in the country’s political history. As the first post-pandemic federal vote, one of the lowest turnouts was recorded since compulsory voting was introduced in 1893. An unprecedented share of voters supported radical parties, reflecting increased polarisation and a notable shift to the right. In Flanders, N-VA outperformed expectations, while VB’s anticipated breakthrough fell short. In French-speaking Belgium, the MR surged, while PS and Ecolo suffered historic defeats. These shifts led to the collapse of the incumbent ‘Vivaldi’ coalition and a fragmented parliamentary outcome. Ultimately, a new ‘Arizona’ coalition was formed, led by Bart De Wever, who became the first Belgian Prime Minister with a declared commitment to Flemish independence. This report provides an overview of the election campaign, the results that followed, voters’ underlying motivations, and the broader implications for federal governance in an increasingly divided political landscape.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesScience and technology studies, Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Other · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.663
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0040.000
Scholarly communication0.0010.000
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.012
GPT teacher head0.302
Teacher spread0.291 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it