4 kW Auxiliary Power Module for Electric Vehicles Utilizing a Dual-Phase LLC DC-DC Converter
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper introduces a novel resonant tank design approach for dual-phase LLC DC-DC resonant converters in Auxiliary Power Module (APM) applications. The proposed design ensures that the impedance of one phase is consistently either larger or smaller than that of the other phase across a wide range of input and output voltages. As a result, only a single Switch-Controlled Capacitor (SCC) circuit is needed to achieve current sharing across the load range. This reduces system complexity and implementation costs without compromising efficiency or current-sharing performance. The design procedure is detailed for both phases, and experimental results from a full-scale, GaN-based 4 kW APM validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in maintaining current sharing across varying input/output voltages and load conditions. Furthermore, flat efficiency curves with calculated average of more than 95.5% were achieved for different battery voltages, with a peak efficiency surpassing 96.3%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".