A New Three-phase Multi-mode AC/DC LLC Converter with Output-controlled Active Rectifier (with V2G and G2V functions) For Fast DC Charging Application
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper proposes a new three-phase multi-mode AC/DC LLC resonant converter with an output-controlled active rectifier for electric vehicle (EV) fast DC charging applications. In the proposed approach, two low-frequency bidirectional switches at the primary side in each phase of the converter allow vehicle-to-grid (V2G, i.e. DC/AC mode) and grid-to-vehicle (G2V, i.e. AC/DC mode) modes. When the proposed converter operates in AC/DC mode, each phase consists of an integrated bridgeless boost power factor corrector and an LLC resonant converter at the primary side. Output voltage regulation is managed by switches on the high frequency transformer's secondary side output rectifier in each phase, with soft-switching operation achieved in all the switches. When the proposed three-phase converter operates in DC/AC mode, each phase consists of a half-bridge DC/DC resonant converter cascaded with a half-bridge grid-side inverter. The operation of the proposed converter is explained in this paper. Results from a 20kW, 480VLLrms/350Vdc, 130kHz design, and a hardware test on a 130kHz, 250V-output proof-of-concept prototype are presented to validate the functionality of the proposed converter.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".