In-Situ EV EIS with a High-Density Flying Capacitor Multi-Level Converter Supercapacitor System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents the implementation of a novel Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) system for battery pack-level perturbation, which leverages an optimized bidirectional hybrid switched-capacitor dc-dc converter. The system consists of a 400 V, 2 kW, 6-Level Flying Capacitor Multi-Level (FCML) dc-dc converter and a 209 V Supercapacitor (SC) module, all integrated within a total volume of 2.1 L. Simulations of the EIS measurement model are used to quantify the trade-offs between the number of perturbation cycles and the accuracy of the measured impedance. The air-cooled FCML prototype utilizes closed-loop control to apply sinusoidal current perturbations for a 400 V battery without a dc offset. Experimental results validate the operation of the SC module and the bidirectional FCML converter together for a battery voltage of 400 V with 2 kW peak perturbations across frequencies ranging from 40 mHz to 2 kHz. EIS measurements are performed on 44 Ah lithium Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt-oxide pouch cells at varying state-of-charge.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".