<i>N</i> ‐ to <i>C</i> ‐Peptide Synthesis, Arguably the Future for Sustainable Production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A revolution in peptide production arrived from the innovation of carboxylate to amine C- to N-direction solid-phase synthesis. This cornerstone of modern peptide science has enabled multiple academic and industrial applications; however, the process of C- to N-solid phase peptide synthesis (C-N-SPPS) has extreme process mass intensity and poor atom economy. Notably, C-N-SPPS relies upon the use of atom-intensive protecting groups, such as the fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) protection and wasteful excess of protected amino acids and coupling agents. On the other hand, peptide synthesis in the amine to carboxylate N- to C-direction offers potential to minimize protection and may arguably enable more efficient means for manufacturing peptides. For example, efficient amide bond formation in the N- to C-direction has been accomplished using methods employing thioesters, vinyl esters, and transamidation to achieve peptide synthesis with minimal epimerization. This review aims to provide an overview of N- to C-peptide synthesis indicating advantages in taking this avenue for sustainable peptide production.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".