Minimal Impact of Prior Common Cold Coronavirus Exposure on Immune Responses to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccination or Infection Risk in Older Adults in Congregate Care
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Common cold coronaviruses were a frequent cause of respiratory infections in older adults living in congregate care homes before the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, which may influence immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination and infection. We investigated humoral and cellular immune responses to prior common cold coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2, how they are affected by SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and infection, and their associations with Omicron BA.1 SARS-CoV-2 infections in residents of long-term care and retirement homes. Methods In SARS-CoV-2 infection–naive residents with 3 monovalent messenger RNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations, we measured serum anti–receptor binding domain (RBD) immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgA antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 and common cold human coronavirus (HCoV) NL63, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-229E; ancestral and Omicron BA.1 neutralizing antibodies; and CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activation responses to membrane, nucleocapsid, and spike proteins. We examined the relationships of common cold coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2 humoral immune responses, whether antibody and T-cell responses changed after SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA vaccination or infection, and their associations with Omicron BA.1 infection. Results Anti-RBD IgG HCoV-OC43 titers were positively correlated with SARS-CoV-2 anti-RBD IgG and neutralizing antibody titers. Common cold coronavirus anti-RBD IgA titers, but not anti-RBD IgG titers, increased after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or infection, and many residents had cross-reactive T cells. Common cold coronavirus humoral immunity was similar in residents without and those with subsequent Omicron BA.1 infection. Conclusions Despite frequent exposure, and associations of common cold coronavirus and vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity, preexisting common cold coronavirus immunity was not associated with Omicron BA.1 infection in residents of long-term care and retirement communities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".