Region-dependent properties of lamellae constituents: A microscopic insight into intervertebral disc herniation mechanisms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Joint bending is associated with intervertebral disc (IVD) herniations. To better understand herniation disorders, the mechanics of annulus layers have been studied extensively. However, the properties and potential contributions of independent constituents (i.e., collagen fibres and the intra-lamellar matrix) to these larger-scale responses remain poorly understood but this knowledge could uncover molecular insights into herniation pathways. This study characterized the tensile properties of isolated collagen fibres and the adhesion properties of the intra-lamellar matrix in the posterior and anterior IVD regions. IVDs were extracted from eight porcine cervical spines. Single annulus layers were dissected from the anterior and posterior regions. From each layer, two separate samples were harvested: i) isolated collagen fibre and ii) two adjacent collagen fibres together with the matrix that connects them, totalling 32 samples. Once mounted, isolated fibres were longitudinally stretched while double fibre specimens were displaced with respect to each other. All preloaded specimens were strained at 1 % per second of the initial specimen length until failure occurred. From the stress-strain relationships, the Young's modulus along with stress and strain at yield and ultimate failure were determined. Within-specimen differences were evaluated with paired-tests and non-parametric Wilcoxon tests. In isolated collagen fibres, the Young's modulus and ultimate stress were 45 % and 51 % greater in the posterior region compared to the anterior region (p ≤ 0.047). All properties of intra-lamellar matrix adhesion were similar between regions (p ≥ 0.345). Interestingly, these constituents experienced comparable strains at yield (30 %) and failure (40 %), but the tensile strength of isolated fibres was approximately 5 times greater than the intra-lamellar matrix adhesion. This study demonstrated unique mechanical properties of annulus layer constituents. When incorporated into future models, these data could help discern the sequence of molecular damage leading to IVD herniations.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".