Maintenance of sodium ion balance in rainbow trout exposed to moderately acidic water is achieved through reduction of sodium efflux
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In most freshwater fishes, exposure to acidic water decreases rates of active ion uptake and increases rates of passive ion efflux. To survive in low pH conditions, fish must possess mechanisms to maintain net ion flux rates close to zero. In this study, rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to moderate acidity (pH = 4.5 or 5.5) in hard water (∼180 mg/L CaCO3) demonstrated Na+ influx inhibition relative to fish held in control conditions (pH = 8.0). However, Na+ efflux rates were significantly lower in fish exposed to low pH, which minimized the net loss of Na+. This represents a relatively novel mechanism to maintain ion balance in low pH for an acid sensitive species, which appeared to be a result of reduced gill paracellular permeability. However, there were no significant differences in the transcript abundance of six different tight junction genes in response to low pH exposure. Overall, we conclude that acid tolerance may be dictated by differences in efflux rates in fishes which, like the rainbow trout, possess acid sensitive mechanisms of ion absorption.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".