Freeze–thaw events differently affect survival of seeds of two native and two invasive woody species
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Current and projected changes in climatic conditions (e.g., increased freeze–thaw events) may have detrimental effects on the survival of seeds that are essential for plant regeneration in forest ecosystems. We conducted a factorial experiment manipulating thermal regime (daily freeze–thaw event vs. a constant-freeze treatment) and fungicide application to examine how freeze–thaw events affect seed survival of two native tree species ( Pinus strobus and Acer saccharum) and two invasive shrub species ( Lonicera maackii and Rhamnus cathartica). Pinus strobus seeds exhibited increased survival after freeze–thaw treatment, while A. saccharum survival was uniformly low and unaffected by freeze–thaw treatment. Freeze–thaw treatment significantly reduced survival of seeds of R. cathartica and L. maackii. Fungicide led to significantly higher survival only for L. maackii, and only when exposed to the freeze–thaw treatment. Our study highlights how recruitment of some invasive woody shrub species, but not two native tree species, may be significantly reduced by increased climatic variability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".