Norfloxacin Oxidative Degradation and Toxicity in Aqueous Media: Reciprocal Effects of Acidity Evolution on Metal Cations and Clay Catalyst Dispersion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The ozonation of norfloxacin (NOF), a widely used fluoroquinolone antibiotic, in the presence of Na+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, and Co2+ cations and their montmorillonite-supported counterparts was investigated. The NOF degradation and the toxicity of the ozonized mixtures towards an aquatic organism (Lemna minor) were evaluated in terms of changes in its frond number, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis efficacy, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The evolution over time of the NOF degradation grade and the toxicity were discussed in terms of i. the observed changes in the interactions of the cation and clay catalyst with NOF molecules; ii. the pH decay, during ozonation. Ion-exchange and Lewis acid–base interactions appear to govern NOF adsorption and clay catalyst dispersion in correlation with the progressive formation of acidic species in the aqueous media. These findings reveal promising prospects for tailoring optimum oxidative water treatments with minimum toxicity and for predicting their environmental impacts on aquatic media.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".