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Record W4410059041 · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-99267-3

Enhancing smart contract security using a code representation and GAN based methodology

2025· article· en· W4410059041 on OpenAlexaff
Dileep Kumar Murala, Samia Loucif, Kanishka Rao, Habib Hamam

Bibliographic record

VenueScientific Reports · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicBlockchain Technology Applications and Security
Canadian institutionsUniversité de Moncton
Fundersnot available
KeywordsComputer scienceCode (set theory)Representation (politics)Computer securityProgramming language

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Smart contracts are changing many business areas with blockchain technology, but they still have vulnerabilities that can cause major financial losses. Because deployed smart contracts (SCs) are irreversible once deployed, fixing these vulnerabilities before deployment is critical. This research introduces a new method that combines code embedding with Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) to find integer overflow vulnerabilities in smart contracts. Using Abstract Syntax Trees, we can vectorize the source code of smart contracts while keeping all of the important contract characteristics and going beyond what can be achieved with conventional textual or structural analysis. Synthesizing contract vector data using GANs alleviates data scarcity and facilitates source code acquisition for training our detection system. The proposed method is very good at finding vulnerabilities because it uses both GAN discriminator feedback and vector similarity measures based on cosine and correlation coefficients. Experimental results show that our GAN-based proactive analysis method achieves up to 18.1% improvement in accuracy over baseline tools such as Oyente and sFuzz.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.003
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: Bench or experimental
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.542
Threshold uncertainty score0.441

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0030.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.039
GPT teacher head0.331
Teacher spread0.292 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designBench or experimental
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations10
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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