Spheroidal carbonaceous particles and other black carbon from Crawford Lake, Ontario, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs) are formed from the incomplete, high-temperature combustion of fossil fuels. They are transported to a variety of depositional environments downwind of their sources and thus have the potential to be used to measure human activity on a regional scale. Composed mainly of elemental carbon, these fly ash particles are chemically inert and survive acid treatment, including HF. However, unlike microcharcoal, SCPs are typically overlooked during palynological analysis. Both types of black carbon are common in palynological preparations of varved sediments from Crawford Lake, Ontario, Canada where they can be correlated with the historic record of land use over the past two centuries. Increases in microcharcoal concentration correlate with historic records of land clearing in the early-mid nineteenth century and logging and lumber milling between 1885 and 1957 CE. The rapid increase in SCP concentration during the mid-twentieth century is attributed to the global increase in fossil fuel combustion and industrial activity (the Great Acceleration) and the decline during the early 1980s records increasingly stringent air quality standards as well as decreased demand for steel (and coking coal) in nearby Hamilton. Palynologists are urged to pay attention to these useful proxies of fossil fuel combustion in their slides.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".