Solution‐Processable and Ambient‐Stable Highly Conductive p‐Type Polymers Derived from Dihydropyrazine and Ethylenedioxythiophene
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract π‐Conjugated polymers (CPs) with high conductivity, solution processability, and ambient stability are vital for advancing printed electronics. However, achieving conductivities over 1000 S cm⁻¹ remains challenging. This study introduces a series of solution‐processable p‐type donor–acceptor (D‐A) CPs based on dihydropyrazine (DHP) and ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) that address this limitation. The design leverages the ability of DHP and EDOT to form open‐shell electronic configurations, which promote extended conjugation and efficient intrachain charge transport. Strong interchain donor‐acceptor interactions reduce π–π stacking distances, facilitating efficient interchain charge transport, while the electron‐rich EDOT units enhance p‐doping efficiency and stabilize the doped polymer. Additionally, the conformational locking effect of EDOT supports a face‐on chain orientation, facilitating charge transport, while spaced‐out alkyl side chains on DHP improve dopant diffusion. The polymers demonstrate exceptional conductivity, stability, scalability, and processability in eco‐friendly solvents, achieving conductivity values up to 1700 S cm⁻¹ through sequential doping with ferric chloride and Magic Blue under ambient conditions. This remarkable performance, attributed to a compact π–π stacking distance of 3.38 Å, face‐on chain orientation, and efficient doping, establishes the quinoidal DHP as a promising building block for the development of ultrahigh‐conductivity p‐type CPs, enabling advancements in printed electronics and flexible device applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".