Kinetics and thermal effects on particle reaction rates in hydrolysis of the copper–chlorine cycle
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The copper-chlorine (Cu–Cl) cycle is a promising thermochemical water-splitting process for hydrogen production. In this paper, CuCl 2 solid particles in the hydrolysis reaction of the Cu–Cl cycle are examined over a range of operating temperatures and steam-to-copper ratios. A shrinking core model (SCM) is used to analyse the particle conversion process. Experiments are also conducted within a vertical semi-batch fixed bed reactor. Dried particles have the lowest overall conversion, compared to crushed or crystallised samples. Further X-ray diffraction (XRD) examination examined the reaction products between 370 and 400 °C. Activation energies ranged from 32 to 54 kJ/mol. This paper establishes a direct correlation between reduction of the steam-to-copper ratio and subsequent conversion. The results provide useful new insight into the hydrolysis reaction of the Cu–Cl cycle.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".