RETRACTED: Cardiovascular and mortality outcomes of DPP-4 inhibitors vs. sulfonylureas as metformin add-on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame — the usual design — would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.
Post-publication record
- Nature
- Retraction
- Reason
- Breach of Policy by Author;Concerns/Issues about Article;Investigation by Journal/Publisher;Objections by Author(s);Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions;
- Date
- 12/17/2025 0:00
- Flagged by OpenAlex?
- Yes
Source: Retraction Watch, joined by DOI. OpenAlex records retraction as is_retracted, a boolean over a state space with at least four values, so it cannot express an expression of concern, a correction or a reinstatement — it reports them as false, which reads as “fine”.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. This systematic review and meta-analysis compared cardiovascular and mortality outcomes in type 2 diabetes patients receiving dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4is) plus metformin versus sulfonylureas (SUs) plus metformin as add-on therapy. METHODS: PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, Google Scholar, and Scopus were searched through January 1, 2025, for studies comparing DPP-4is plus metformin versus SUs plus metformin in type 2 diabetes patients. Outcomes of interest were major adverse cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran's Q test and I2 statistic. Publication bias was evaluated with Begg's and Egger's tests. Study quality was assessed with the Jadad scale (for randomized controlled trials) and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (for observational studies). RESULTS: Twenty-seven studies (2012-2024), encompassing 1,505,821 participants, were included in the analysis. Major adverse cardiovascular events were reported in 21 studies, and all-cause mortality data were available from 19 studies. Meta-analysis revealed a significantly lower risk of both major adverse cardiovascular events (risk ratio [RR]: 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.73-0.84; p < 0.001) and all-cause mortality (RR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.71-0.88; p < 0.001) in patients with diabetes treated with DPP-4 inhibitors plus metformin compared to those treated with SUs plus metformin. No publication bias was detected. CONCLUSION: In type 2 diabetes patients treated with metformin, adding a DPP-4is is associated with significantly lower risks of major adverse cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality compared to adding an SUs. These findings underscore the potential cardiovascular benefits of DPP-4is and their role in improving patient outcomes.
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The record
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Topic
- Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Field
- Medicine
- Canadian institutions
- —
- Funders
- —
- Keywords
- MetforminMedicineType 2 diabetesInternal medicineMeta-analysisDiabetes mellitusRelative riskJadad scaleSitagliptinVildagliptinAdverse effectConfidence intervalEndocrinologyCochrane LibraryInsulin
- Has abstract in OpenAlex
- yes